User:WolfgangPaquin
] This paper investigates the minimal hardware and software requirements to design and implement a fully functional academic and industrial automation system that can be readily attached to the available Internet/Intranet infrastructure. Three tiers mainly constitute the proposed system, the instrumentation and measurement tier, the software platform (for data collection, processing, displaying, and communication), and the client-server tier.abb.com The common controller-based techniques, such as PLC (Programmable Logic Controllers), SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition), and DAQ (Data Acquisition) platforms can be very well employed in such applications without sophistication burdens. Eventually, the ultimate intentions of having engineers and technical operators to monitor, control, maintain, and calibrate factory equipment, or students involved in lab experimentation, from local or remote distances can be successfully achieved around the clock.yokogawa.com Previous and current practical implementation examples will be verified to assess the feasibility range of existing techniques and their implications.
Indeed, according to Wightman, a quick search using Shodan revealed 117 vulnerable devices directly connected to the Internet, although Wightman said he suspected the computer location service could turn up far more with a more targeted search. To complicate matters further, Wightman said tools for automating the exploitation of the backdoor will soon be made available for Metasploit, a penetration testing tool used by hackers and security professionals alike. "Multiple threat elements are combining to significantly increase the ICSs threat landscape," DHS warned. "Hacktivist groups are evolving and have demonstrated improved malicious skills. They are acquiring and using specialized search engines to identify Internet facing control systems, taking advantage of the growing arsenal of exploitation tools developed specifically for control systems.
In addition, individuals from these groups have posted online requests for others to visit or access the identified device addresses. Asset owners should take these changes in threat landscape seriously…and should not assume that their control systems are secure or that they are not operating with an Internet accessible configuration. But according to Digital Bond, asset owners — such as power utilities, water treatment facilities — aren’t moving fast enough to take such steps. "The goal of Project Basecamp is to make the risk of these fragile and insecure devices so apparent and easy to demonstrate that a decade of inaction will end," the company explained on its blog. "Everyone knows PLC’s are vulnerable — or so we have heard for ten years now since the 9/11 attacks…Not only do they lack basic security features, they are also fragile. Warnings abound about the dangers of even running a port scan on a PLC.
Instrumentation is defined as the art and science of measurement and control. An instrument is a device that measures and/or regulates process variables such as flow, temperature, level, or pressure. Instruments include many varied contrivances which can be as simple as valves and transmitters, and as complex as analyzers. Instruments often comprise control systems of varied processes such as refineries, factories, and vehicles. The control of processes is one of the main branches of applied instrumentation.unitronicsplc.com Instrumentation can also refer to handheld devices that measure some desired variable. Diverse handheld instrumentation is common in laboratories, but can be found in the household as well. For example, a smoke detector is a common instrument found in most western homes.
Output instrumentation includes devices such as solenoids, valves, regulators, circuit breakers, and relays. These devices control a desired output variable, and provide either remote or automated control capabilities. These are often referred to as final control elements when controlled remotely or by a . Transmitters are devices which produce an output signal, often in the form of a 4-20 mAelectrical current signal, although many other options using voltage, frequency, pressure, orethernet are possible. Control Instrumentation plays a significant role in both gathering information from the field and changing the field parameters, and as such are a key part of control loops. In the early years of process control, process indicators and control elements such as valves were monitored by an operator that walked around the unit adjusting the valves to obtain the desired temperatures, pressures, and flows.
As technology evolved pneumatic controllers were invented and mounted in the field th at monitored the process and controlled the valves.youtube.com This reduced the amount of time process operators were needed to monitor the process. In the 1970s electronic instrumentation began to be manufactured by the instrument companies. Each instrument company came out with their own standard signal for their instrumentation, 10-50ma, 0.25-1.25Volts, 0-10Volts, 1-5volts, and 4-20ma, causing only confusion until the 4-20ma was universally used as a standard electronic instrument signal for transmitters and valves. The transformation of instrumentation from mechanical pneumatic transmitters, controllers, and valves to electronic instruments reduced maintenance costs as electronic instruments were more dependable than mechanical instruments.
This also increased efficiency and production due to their increase in accuracy. The next evolution of instrumentation came with the production of Distributed Control Systems (DCS). The pneumatic and electronic control rooms allowed control from a centralized room, DCS systems allowed control from more than one room or control stations. These stations could be next to each other or miles away. Now a process operator could sit in front of a screen and monitor thousands of points throughout a large unit or complex. Instrumentation is used to measure many parameters (physical values). Instrumentation technologists, technicians and mechanics specialize in troubleshooting and repairing and maintenance of instruments and instrumentation systems. This trade is so intertwined with electricians, pipefitters, power engineers, and engineering companies, that one can find him/herself in extremely diverse working situations.
The demand for multiple orifice flow control valves has been driven by the swelling production of oil & gas and chemicals & petrochemicals, and growing investments in water & wastewater and power generation applications. In addition, the replacement of legacy multiple orifice flow control valves is necessary to enhance flow without any interruptions. These factors are expected to be responsible for the projected growth of the multiple orifice flow control valves market during the forecast period. The global multiple orifice flow control valves market is significantly consolidated, with the top 7 players accounting for around two-fifths of the global market share. Respective governments in countries from East Asia and South Asia are initiating measures to deal with water scarcity due to water pollution, and by investing in wastewater treatment plants. In addition, industrial regulations to reduce wastewater will lead to the installation of multiple orifice flow control valves.
Global players are engaged in expanding their manufacturing capacities in developing economies to cater to the increasing demand for multiple orifice flow control valves. The global multiple orifice flow control valves market has been segmented on the basis of valve diameter, operation, and end-use industry, besides seven regions. Based on operation, the automatic-based multiple orifice flow control valves segment is estimated to account for a large market share. Currently, most end users and industrial operators are looking for automated types of operations for multiple orifice flow control valves to reduce their operational costs. The electric-based automated multiple orifice flow control valves segment is expected to drive revenue growth during the forecast period. Multiple orifice flow control valves find significant application in various end-use industries such as oil & gas, chemicals & petrochemicals, energy & power, and water & wastewater. The oil & gas segment is estimated to be a prominent end-use industry segment in the multiple orifice flow control valves market. Developments in orifice plates and growth in remote operations in some of the end-use industries are expected to drive the adoption of advanced multiple orifice flow control valves.endress.com The report highlights some of the market players that are prominent and have established themselves as leaders in the global multiple orifice flow control valves market.
The CVS Series E is a single port globe-style body with composition or metal seats and a balanced "push-down-to-close" valve plug. Design "CVS ED" is intended for general control application over a wide variety of temperature and pressure drops. Design "CVS ET" is intended for applications requiring low leakage rates with composition seating (TFE) for tight shutoff requirements or metal-to-metal seating for higher temperature capabilities. The valve plug has a two-piece upper seal. Design "CVS EZ" valves are globe-style with integral end connections, post guiding, and quick-change trim. These valves are used in chemical or hydrocarbon processing applications or in applications that require control of non-lubricating, viscous, or other hard-to-handle fluids. The flow direction for standard cages ("CVS ED & CVS ET") is flow down, and the flow direction for the CVS EZ is up through the seat ring with the following flow characteristics available: linear, quick opening, and equal percent.yokogawa.com The end connections are ANSI Class 150, 300 and 600 Raised Face or Ring Type joint flanges as per ASME B16.34-1996.instrumentationtools.com Valve bodies are available in LCC, WCB and 316sst material. FISHER is a registered trademark of Fisher Controls International Inc. Fisher Controls International Inc. is not affiliated with CVS Controls Ltd.
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