Difference between revisions of "Water purification"
| Line 20: | Line 20: | ||
** Rotavirus | ** Rotavirus | ||
** ''(many others)'' | ** ''(many others)'' | ||
| + | |||
=== Cryptosporidium === | === Cryptosporidium === | ||
Potential health effects from ingestion of water contaminated with Cryptosporidium are: | Potential health effects from ingestion of water contaminated with Cryptosporidium are: | ||
| − | + | * Gastrointestinal illness (for example, diarrhea, vomiting, cramps). | |
Sources of Cryptosporidium in drinking water are: | Sources of Cryptosporidium in drinking water are: | ||
| − | + | * Human and animal fecal waste. | |
Methods that may remove some or all of Cryptosporidium from water are: | Methods that may remove some or all of Cryptosporidium from water are: | ||
| − | + | * Boiling (rolling boil for 1 minute) - very high effectiveness; | |
| − | + | * [[Water filtration|Filtration]] - high effectiveness, when using an absolute less than or equal to 1 micron filter (NSF Standard 53 or 58 rated "cyst reduction / removal" filter); | |
| + | |||
| + | Methods that are ''not'' effective in removing Cryptosporidium: | ||
| + | * Disinfection with iodine or chlorine is not effective in killing Cryptosporidium; | ||
| + | * Disinfection with chlorine dioxide has a low to moderate effectiveness in killing Cryptosporidium; | ||
| + | |||
| + | Combination [[Water filtration|filtration]] and disinfection has a very high effectiveness in removing and killing Cryptosporidium when used with [[chlorine dioxide]] and an absolute less than or equal to 1 micron filter (NSF Standard 53 or 58 rated "cyst reduction / removal" filter). | ||
| + | |||
| + | |||
| + | === Giardia lamblia === | ||
| + | Also known as Giardia intestinalis. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Potential health effects from ingestion of water contaminated with Giardia are: | ||
| + | * Gastrointestinal illness (for example, diarrhea, vomiting, cramps). | ||
| + | |||
| + | Sources of Giardia in drinking water are: | ||
| + | * Human and animal fecal waste. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Methods that may remove some or all of Giardia from drinking water are: | ||
| + | * Boiling (Rolling boil for 1 minute) 0 very high effectiveness; | ||
| + | * [[Water filtration|Filtration]]- high effectiveness in removing Giardia when using an absolute less than or equal to 1 micron filter (NSF Standard 53 or 58 rated "cyst reduction / removal" filter); | ||
| + | * Disinfection with [[chlorine dioxide]] - high effectiveness; | ||
| − | Methods that are ''not'' effective in | + | Methods that are ''not'' effective in removing Giardia: |
| − | + | Disinfection with iodine or chlorine has a low to moderate effectiveness in killing Giardia; | |
| − | |||
| − | Combination filtration and disinfection has a very high effectiveness in removing and killing | + | Combination [[Water filtration|filtration]] and disinfection has a very high effectiveness in removing and killing Giardia when used with [[chlorine dioxide]] and an absolute less than or equal to 1 micron filter (NSF Standard 53 or 58 rated "cyst reduction / removal" filter). |
== References == | == References == | ||
Revision as of 01:14, 3 April 2017
Water purification is the process of removing undesirable chemicals, biological contaminants, suspended solids and gases from contaminated water.[1]
Contaminants
Aside from sediment, contaminants typically found in non-purified water are[2]:
- Protozoa
- Cryptosporidium
- Giardia lamblia
- Bacteria
- E. coli
- Salmonella
- Campylobacter
- Shigella
- (many others)
- Viruses
- Hepatitis A
- Enterovirus
- Norovirus
- Rotavirus
- (many others)
Cryptosporidium
Potential health effects from ingestion of water contaminated with Cryptosporidium are:
- Gastrointestinal illness (for example, diarrhea, vomiting, cramps).
Sources of Cryptosporidium in drinking water are:
- Human and animal fecal waste.
Methods that may remove some or all of Cryptosporidium from water are:
- Boiling (rolling boil for 1 minute) - very high effectiveness;
- Filtration - high effectiveness, when using an absolute less than or equal to 1 micron filter (NSF Standard 53 or 58 rated "cyst reduction / removal" filter);
Methods that are not effective in removing Cryptosporidium:
- Disinfection with iodine or chlorine is not effective in killing Cryptosporidium;
- Disinfection with chlorine dioxide has a low to moderate effectiveness in killing Cryptosporidium;
Combination filtration and disinfection has a very high effectiveness in removing and killing Cryptosporidium when used with chlorine dioxide and an absolute less than or equal to 1 micron filter (NSF Standard 53 or 58 rated "cyst reduction / removal" filter).
Giardia lamblia
Also known as Giardia intestinalis.
Potential health effects from ingestion of water contaminated with Giardia are:
- Gastrointestinal illness (for example, diarrhea, vomiting, cramps).
Sources of Giardia in drinking water are:
- Human and animal fecal waste.
Methods that may remove some or all of Giardia from drinking water are:
- Boiling (Rolling boil for 1 minute) 0 very high effectiveness;
- Filtration- high effectiveness in removing Giardia when using an absolute less than or equal to 1 micron filter (NSF Standard 53 or 58 rated "cyst reduction / removal" filter);
- Disinfection with chlorine dioxide - high effectiveness;
Methods that are not effective in removing Giardia: Disinfection with iodine or chlorine has a low to moderate effectiveness in killing Giardia;
Combination filtration and disinfection has a very high effectiveness in removing and killing Giardia when used with chlorine dioxide and an absolute less than or equal to 1 micron filter (NSF Standard 53 or 58 rated "cyst reduction / removal" filter).
